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英語要点和訳
hello / I'm Alice Roberts / if you really want them, / radio4 / week / some / old / some living. Yes, that's birds. / interesting / d__ behavior / feathered d__s / evolve / r__ / spacecraft R__ / her / passenger / of course / what on earth / medicine. But first, / extremely ancient d__s. / skelton / found / bone-bed / this / layer / filled / individual __ that become__ mixed together / so / minimum / individual / ranging / 3 years old / about 12 years old / would have been / fairly / length / about a meter, and about half that length / made / tail / elegant neck / nice / version / something like that. / Dr. / museum / a 200 million years old / dog-sized d__ / what / find / this is / ever found / northern part of South America / first / first / more interesting in terms of / early / this / turned into a big deal. / very old d__ / what / tell us about d__ evolution? / quite / origin / back / particularly interesting / one / great / family tree / which is not / well known / big / ultimately goes to birds / meat-eating d__s, and another branch / and that second branch has a very / early / about / probably the best-known early member of that group now / very / example / confusingly the bird-hip d__ / didn't / did they? / very / not very helpful / example / bird-like hips, and, early on, the lizard-hip d__s / in particular / start to get / bird-like hip structures / birds / within lizard-hip d__s / nothing / looking at __ / when you / I think the most exciting thing for me is that / years / point in time / really big extinction / 66 million years ago. But fewer people realize / about / also affected them / end / t__ period / just / appeared on the Earth. / appears / within a million years possibly / half a million years / telling us that / either / sort / too much going on / with / maybe / particular / really got going / result / extinction / some of their competitors, and it's only / turning / taking / is there anything else special about it / from / tell / looking / interesting / have / group / at least four __ live together / and / same time / living / when / so / may have been a very early example / social / among / lived / quite a lot late / this is a very early example / might / further / before. / Paul __ / Now, since the neolithic, / farmers / harness the power of evolution / using / selection / by selectively / d__ble traits / livestock / more / more productive, and more disease-r__. / Now / editing / greatly / this artificial selection / bit / transforming it into a fine art. / This technique has been trialed / Edinburgh / first / but they are not cloning chickens / some birds / inserting them into the genom of others. / particularly interested / r__ / inside / chicken house / hoping to breed healthier, happier chickens. / A box full of newly-hatched chicks waiting / n__ / Dr. / coordinator / how many days old__ / of them / gene / and you can see / tiny little markers / wing tags / one / each wing / reason / in case / lose / definitely identify / these / chicks / may look normal. But / analyze the DNA / their genom / been carefully edited / small segments of / more r__ / bird flu / added to their own DNA. For the past / years / studying / extremely infectious / viruses. / human terms / domestic poultry / many strains of / highly / kill / 99% of / popultion of __ poultry / game-over / birds / even / take / seriously, / higher / would / in the wild / Dr. / she works / especially designed for the p__. It's spacious, warm, / room / chickens to live / scientists / This is a fantastic resource for us / custom-designed by us / looks / like / chicken / commercial production, but I think / have / much / space for us / allows us to do / experiment / In the barn / carefully / in the hope / completely r__ to diseases such as bird flu. And / they / soon hope to use / cutting / editing / by extracting / sperm / manipulating those in culture in the lab, selecting / genetic / putting / embryos / genom editors / these small genetic changes. / professor David H__, says that / conventional / ten generations / get / that / GM editing because it's not the same as / people are concerned about / foreign / could never have co-existed / make a change / that could have happened naturally. / So, it's not like / pig / process / same result that / traditional / cross-breeding / speed / do this / best genes / using / editing / want that little piece of DNA / have / from / might find / r__ / useful / making eggs / take that one / if we / find / variation / move it across / best of both worlds. Obviously / potentially very valuable to poultry / protect / bird / of course / reduce the / people. / Do you think / soon / start to be eating GM chickens / still / many countries / people / not engage with / Far East, for example, where / endemic / the pressures on them / different / well / willing to accept / use of genetic modification / main focus / disease-r__ / may be / developing vaccines to protect / but / questionable / can be achieved / all the diseases, and, also, / introduced in the genetics / going to be there / birds / over the use of vaccines. / Threre are still oppositions / hope to tackle by changing / David __ says that traditional livestock breeding is also a form of genetic manipulation. / just a quicker method. / I commonly say that / really not a debate because everything we / is genetically modified / process / we need to identify which are the risks / talk about / crop / hybrid of three different s__ / it would never be approved if it was invented now. / So, you are talking about / entire shift change / that will take time / it will take time / I think the other thing is that, if you look at genetic change in / animals / by breeding. None of the breeds / we work with are natural. / could not exist in the wild. So, we have to look __ __ benefit to humans, increasingly we also have to look at the benefit to animals / that we can take genetic approaches to improving their health / we can make birds that are r__ to, uh, flu, but it's also good for the farmers who hold them, where the loss of their birds basically means potential starvation. I think that disease r__ has a trait. It's something __ it's difficult to __ a counter-a__ and saying that it's wrong to do it. / Professor David __, ending that report by M__ __.
Now, here's an absolutely fascinating question from listener Dan P__. He emailed us to say, "I'm currently sat in the tallest building for miles in the middle of a thunderstorm. I work as an air-traffic controller at S__ airport, and I'm watching the fabulous but slightly unnerving storm out of the window, and a thought o__ to me, if electricity always wants to take the shortest route, why is l__ always jagged? Why isn't it a simple straight line between two points? Well, joining us from Cardiff is l__ expert __ __ from Airbus Group. So, __, what is the answer to Dan's question? Why is l__ jagged?
Well, there's a slight confusion with the question actually because electricity doesn't always take the shortest path. It takes what we call the path of least r__.電気は、最短距離を流れるのではなく、抵抗が最も低い経路を流れる。
I'm in Cardiff, so I guess the best way to explain this is, uh ... think about Dr. Who and imagine he's got a battle his way through a pile of __ to get his __. / he could take the shortest path / straight line / that might mean / evil / most r__ d__ / r__ is useless. So, instead, he decides to take a path that / not so evil __ / least r__ / It might not be the shortest path but the easiest way for him to get to his __. And electricity works in this similar way. It takes the easiest path, which isn't necessarily the shortest path.
Now, when we've got l__ taking place in the sky / the l__ / down to the ground / does / in steps. Now, when you have electricity / electric field / in this case / very strong / this is / process that we call ionization, and results in / electron / stripped away from / n__ of / various atoms and molecules that are in the air / free / freed up / so they can move / easily / makes the air conductive / through the air. Now, at each step / break down / travel through / what we don't fully understand is what determines the direction / down, but it's not always the same direction as the previous / each breakdown / independent thing / different direction / still don't really understand what exactly is determining the direction. / just / more questions, doesn't it / part / sort of makes its own / by ionizing / around it / that / channel becomes the part / least / what we don't understand is, / ionize / channel in a particular direction / better understanding of l__ / for Dan / not a whole answer / presumably / what exactly l__ is / there is / lots of research going on around the world / basic / still something / being investigated / something we'd love to know / nature of l__ / now / looking / point / Airbus Group / yeah / every commercial aircraft / approcimately / once a year by l__ / cause / problem / out of metal and metal / conduct / electricity / current travels around the skin of the aircraft / back down to the ground / cause / plane / inside / equipment onboard, but / planes / carbon / lighter / a lot of fuel, but that isn't as conductive to electricity as / got / find a way / carbon / team that / in the Airbus Group. / if you have a question / answer it. Please / bbc / Inside Science / last / european / intercept, orbit and study / yesterday / may have heard / remember you / inside / big day / r__ / well / I say / still / 100 kilometers away / start / orbit / mission HQ / at / space / in / in Germany for the action / mission / o__ mission in space / I'm standing / room / came / spacecraft / becoming the first spacecraft / around / on an epic ten-year journey / billion kilometers / now / its destination / this point / really / hard work begins / professor / senior science advisor / agency / like / this milestone / such / significant / been in a car for ten years / kids / yet / through the window / see what I call / waiting for / particular crazy / superstar c__ / what a fantastic thing / for us today / absolutely / close-up images of the c__ / real detail / every / new images / permanently for weeks now / first began to see this / strange / rubber-duck kind of object / two / every / new / more and more and more. / crazy / described / going / lander / surface of this c__. How on earth / to think / we / start / immediately / landing / landing has to o__ / getting active soon / characterizing / stuff it's made of / scientifically / being / maybe / complex molecules. But we have to / pick / safe / around / somewhere / without falling over, because we / guide / computer / pick a place / square kilometer / well / Yeah, risk is there / risk equals e__ / risk / off / mark / keeping / feature / remarkable / size of / dust / jetting / of crack / head / body of the c__ / Now this mission / so / already / more surprises yet to come. / __ M__ / report / now / seaside / patient / drug delivery / from a type of / even see it / scientist / University of Galway / nature / possible to / transform / called / can carry drugs / entirely new ways / findings / Irland's Atlantic coast / once / it wasn't raining / hot / over / filling / bucket / microscopic plants / a gift for medical science. / so / water's very clear here / could / millions / get back / lab / that's where the fun begins. / to live in / food chain / wonder / now / fish food / dead / industrial / ground down / abrasives / main attraction is / wonderful architecture / highly / highly / feast / eyes / look at / look like / just / look like / are wonderful. So, / interest / and harness / applications of drug delivery / medical science / what / shells / useful for drug delivery? / optimized / surface / main / we are hoping to do is to p__ / make / human body / chemistry that we want. / already / lab / we / chemistry / s__-containing compounds / as a template / drug delivery / fascinating / normal / wouldn't be / they / drug / entire / turned / almost lacy patterns / massive surface area / capacity / small / biological materials, I__ / looks / under / come into view. / Now / stunning ... stunning. __ __ beautiful. ... Right in the center / see / dancing / see that / brown p__ around / of / might / glassy shell we / earlier. / absolutely ... tell me / thing / these particular ones / scale / line / would / thousand / this particular s__ / the smaller ones / centimeter / And these are / particular / ones you / Galway Bay / isolated / Galway Bay / selected / because / robust / selection / different strains / these / change / s__ we have changed / if / alterations / particular dye that will attach / changes / we can observe those changes / director of / Ireland / she has succeeded in chemically transforming / her / these / so far, isn't it? / that's / potential / tremendous / change the chemistry / living organism / two streams / out of this / the first / immense surface area that can be used / target / would be / has been injured / th__ molecule / somehow / second one / treating / are very very poor blood supply / so / these / precisely do that / supply / what we call / which promote / blood / ideally, in the future, you would have / pad / nico__ patch / structure / body. The second stream / done nicely / know / quite / want to do is to creat material which can / bone / bones / patients. / So, in that particular case, it's the natural structure / fact / lots / holes / saying that / yes / might allow / sit and grow / also carry / can go directly / on the beach / you've started / discovery / found / this creature to do / chemically. What / mean, do you think? / it's the beginning / opening / research / do / now we can take / structures / over / types of architecture / chemistry / really / too much / just tipping / water / at the moment / I think so. / that report by / and I'm off / beach / so little about / why on the other we / have / British beaches. Adam / second-best / back next week. See you soon.

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