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Welcome again, guys.  Uh, we are talking about / in this video / about / overview of how / know / about / purpose / in lab.  Now / cell / actually, uh, is a multi … uh … multi-stage process / four / major / now, let’s begin with it / first / do here is … uh … / taking up all / in / preservation / take / population / and isolate … uh … from the tissue / thing is / in this case / taught / process / already going on / lab / already going on  / so, you will get the cell / already been isolated from the tissue / preserved / process / Now, the thing is, if you want to collect / process / become much more complicated / scrap of tissue / from / individual of your interest / process / reduce / debris / particles / outside / other materials / culture media / generation / then you take / cell / preservation / material / simply revive those / of your interest / your hand / second stage is, maintaining / culture / culture / culture / liquid media / called / suspension culture / you can grow / solid surface / which is most common of all / solid / grow / cover / surface / you continue … uh … to grow those cells / during / follow / technique / throughout the time / if / any time / contaminated / experiment will be ruined.  Right? / now / means / two / one / need / culture / once / surface / kind of, uh, covered with the cells / old culture / into __ new culture / fresh culture media / process / sub / consist__ of / subsequently / until / unless / you are satisfied / done / experiment / now / after / told / that means … uh … once / take / from / media / fresh / the cell / sub / after the subculture / is done / store / storing of / is very very important / someone else / same type of cell / experiment / chemical properties / properties / for that purpose, you need to store / right / for storing / require / process of cryopreservation / before / count / exact number of cells / storing / density / store them / preservation / future / find out / we will be talking / each / different steps / in a little bit more detail / how / done / Thank you.

In biology, cell culture is the process __ __ cells / grown / controlled conditions outside of its native environment / scientists to use cells, the fundamental unit of life / understanding / physiological processes in the human body.  One of the major contributions __ cell culturing / the development of p__ v__ / back in / researchers had to use / live animals to grow p__ __ / cell culture / researchers __ able to create / which eventually led to the creation of the v__. / to create properly __ed / p__s, such as __ __ antibodies / make / e__ cells / because e__ cells __ __ modifications.  Nowadays, cell culture is being used widely / particularly in the field / v__ research, cancer research and p__ t__.

Cell __ used in laboratories can be generalized into two categories: primary cells and established cell lines / are cells that / directly prepared from an organism’s tissues / under the right conditions / primary / grow / p__ / only able to do so a finite number of times.  This is because / each / divide / is lost / after a certain number of cell divisions, the / cells can no longer divide. / Established cell lines, on the other hand, are able to escape / normal / cell / grow indefinitely / extremely useful for __ long-term research

Whereas primary cells / obtained directly / d__ tissues / derive / created from transforming / chemical treatments / or treatments, target one of the checkpoints / five phases / m__ cell cycle.  Checkpoints / there / to ensure / meet / appropriate requirement / in order to / daughter cells.  One / at the end / which allow / cell division / the second / check the quality / of the replicated DNA and / determine / any / need to __ __  The third checkpoint / purposes / again, to ensure / replicated completely and is undamaged. / Finally, there are several checkpoints within m__ / ensure / proper position / to complete cell division. / it is because / evade / cell cycle / allowed to / continue / many v__ o__ / such as / in human / cell cycle / namely, the t__ __ __ normal / cancers.

primary cells / established cell line / culture / usually / two / forms / or free-floating in culture media / are also often referred to / are called suspension cultures.  Knowing the growth properties of the cells / choose / for their experiments.  To keep the cells alive / conditions / conditions as possible.  Therefore, / organic / vitamins are added into the culture media / Traditionally, other / factors /  / bovine / However, there are a lot of uncertainties with regards to / For example, / know / exact composition / and this, in turn, / effect / exact composition / known / address this issue.

As / ph__ fluids / neutral / culture / to ensure / proper / maintained / one / to keep / pH / carbon dioxide / another common buffering / involves / such as __.  In both kinds, / common / indicator / added to the media / visually / change in pH. / Different cell lines generally require / different / commercial / or / __ __ M__ institute / 1640 / mixer / apart from using / appropriate media for for growth / also maintained / correct temperature / For example, most m__ / incubated / optimal / cold-blooded animals / should be kept at a lower temperature.  Other measures to take / , such as bacteria, f__ or m__, can ruin / invalid experimental data / always used / clean / air / outside contaminants / from entering the culture.

In addition / contaminated / other fast-growing / over / replaced by other / introduced / The consequence / making / scientific conclusions / cell / profiling, or / is recommended __ __ from time to time. /

provides / products / such as / media and plastic-ware.  We also have specialized / drug / m__ contamination / Lastly, / agencies / authentication / profiling / we are proud to / offer / service / our customers.  Cell culture technique / advanced / since / provide us valuable information / all / biology.  If / please visit / knowledge base / sure / next / cell / techniques / we will answer them as soon as possible.

Thank you for watching.

Biomass is a biological material obtained from living or recently living plant matter, such as trees or crops, that can be processed into fuel and heat.  Biomass is a carbon-neutral fuel.  It takes carbon out of the atmosphere while it’s growing __ returns the same amount back as it is burned.  Managed on a sustainable basis, biomass is replenished with new growth as it is harvested.  This maintains a closed carbon cycle with no net increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels that contribute to global warming and climate change.  Using wood and wood products to substitute for fossil fuels means that sustainably managed woodland / an ongoing contribution to climate change mitigation.  Biomass can be sourced locally from within the UK on an indefinite basis and help support the rural economy.

It can satisfy heating and hot water needs for both domestic and commercial properties.  Used in a district heating scheme, it can enable many homes or properties to be heated from just one boiler.  For commercial systems __ __ __ more than one domestic property, biomass can generate a significant income from phase 1 of the renewable __ incentive.

Wood is the most common type of biomass fuel, and three main types are used in biomass boilers: logs, wood pellets and wood chip.

The main advantage to using logs in a biomass boiler is that they are easily available.  A fully-loaded burn chamber can burn for up to 18 hours when the system is in low demand __ keep / hot water / heat / over / Automatic controls manage the __ of the burn and make the fuel last longer.

Wood pellets are generally manufactured from byproducts from saw mills and other wood-processing industries.  They need less storage than logs or chips / higher c__ value for the same volume.  Wood pellet boilers are generally fully automated, with the pellets sucked by vacuum / straight into the boiler from the store __ so are easier to run than /

Wood chip is timber that __ been / like wood pellets, it is an easy fuel for automation, with __ __ feed taking the chips straight from the store into the boiler.  Chip systems are inexpensive to run, although initial capital __ is greater than other technologies due to the additional parts required to make the boiler fully automated.

Biomass is a clean and sustainable fuel source.  It can supply 100% of your heating and hot water demand, which makes it a viable and preferable alternative to fossil fuel.

Welcome to the UCANDO video on lasers.

The word ‘laser’ stands for ‘light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation / device amplifies / intense beam of light as a result of __ being stimulated.

Basically speaking, a laser is a device which generates a coherent electro-magnetic radiation in or near / many different materials / process / occur in many different ways.  Lasers may be categorized in the following categories: chemical, gas, liquid, semiconductor, and solid materials.  As you will soon see, lasers are used in many different applications.

They are used in communicating devices.  These are typically low-powered devices, which / visible light beam / short-range communication requirements.  Lasers are used for bar-code scanning, and as reading devices / commonly found on CD records / and compact discs used in computers.  Lasers are also used in fiber-optic communication systems as a means of producing the data to be transmitted through the fiber cable.  Lasers are also used as measuring devices.  These are used to measure distances and velocities / by measuring / the time it takes / to reflect back / object / laser beam / the distance or / velocity / can be measured.  Lasers are also commonly being used in medical/surgical procedures.  Lasers have been used for everything / marks / to / __ing / the eye / for surgery.  High power lasers are used for welding and cutting applications.  __ __ __ typically a CO2 gas device / generate / watts of power.  CO2 / extremely / safety precautions must be followed when working on these devices.

Before proceeding into the subject of laser theory, you must first be knowledgeable / safety precautions / used / operating or working on any type of laser devices.  First: Never look into a laser device when the power is turned on. / low / laser will cause damage / your eyes / Second:  Never point a laser beam at anyone. / to a direct laser beam / or / reflection / severe skin burns and eye damage.  Third: Never shine a laser beam on a reflective surface unless the surface is designed for this purpose. / is a concentrated form of light energy, / it will reflect / most materials. / レーザーというのは要するに光ですから、何にぶつかっても、たいてい反射します。  Fourth: Always wear / proper / when working on / device / Fifth: Never point the laser beam at flammable or combustible materials.  Even / power / can start fires.  Sixth: Most laser devices / very high voltages / which can be fatal / always / laser power supplies.  Seventh: When building a laser system from a kit, or working on a laser system, / follow the manufacturer’s safety / included / laser data / safety precautions are provided for your protection.

5.21

Now, let’s examine __ laser theory. / earlier, ‘laser’ stands for / stimulated emission / radiation / intense / light energy / several unusual / and useful properties.  To start with, laser light energy is monochromatic.  A monochromatic light is a light which / just one wavelength / we / use / and / shine / crystal prism.  As you can see, as the light passes through / wavelength / depending upon the light source used, __ color __ __ __ __ exiting the crystal prism. / laser / the same crystal prism, the only / laser light beam.  Since the laser light beam / single / energy / cannot be separated.  As you can see from the simple illustration, the conventional light / rainbow effect / laser beam, on the other hand, is not separated since it only consists of / single wavelength.  Laser light is also coherent.  This means / all / single wavelength / beam / one another / Since / they / tend to stay together for a much longer distance.  Natural light and most artificial light / beam of light / consist of several / which / randomly together.  Since the wavelengths are not uniform, they __ tend to diverge / out / as / farther away / source.  Because / and coherent, / laser / able to possess a great deal of energy.  This / in its concentrated form / for greater distances / proper object, will only spread / between the earth and the moon.  When you consider the distance between the earth and the moon, __ __ __ __ miles / To comprehend how / we need to understand exactly how a laser works.

Before proceeding with how a laser device works, we will pause for __ short review / material__ just discussed.

A laser is a device which produces a coherent electro-magnetic radiation in or near the visible part / light spectrum.  There are many types / to generate the stimulated emission of radiation / some of these substances / include chemical, gas, liquid, / and solid materials / Lasers are used for communication purposes; scanning and reading data, as measuring devices, for cutting and welding, and for many medical procedures.  When working on or using laser devices, always follow all safety precautions. / Never / beam / no matter how small the power output is. / Never point / anyone / low / damage the skin / you should not make it a habit / aiming / at yourself or other people. / do not / aim / reflective / it will reflect off most surfaces.  Always wear proper eye protection designed / you are using.  Never aim a laser beam at flammable or combustible materials.  Always use extreme caution when working on / laser device.  Always follow all manufacturer safety precautions when working on or using any laser device.  A monochromatic light is a light / consist of a single frequency.  A coherent light is a light which / single frequency / all the light energy __ in phase with itself.

This concludes Review No.1.  At this time, you should stop the video and complete Section A in your Student Workbook.

10:20

In this part of the video, we will examine how a laser device is able to produce a monochromatic, coherent beam of light energy.

As you learned earlier, a laser produces a stimulated / radiation / process / is what makes the laser energy / different from man-made / natural light sources.  Stimulated emission occurs when an atom or molecule absorbs excess energy / until stimulated / external energy source, such as a photon / proper wavelength / or / electron / when / atom / are stimulated, / in __ form of light.  This process / stimulated emission / makes / being produced by the laser device different from / by natural or man-made devices.  Visible light energy / which / lose excess energy without the need / To better understand how / laser device / let’s first examine / associated energy level.

Here you see a helium atom / neutrons / radiation occurs the same way / as it does / basic / laser materials.  Therefore / will apply to / other / laser substances as well.  All atoms contain spherical shells / nucleus / exist / orbit around the nucleus.  An atom, in its __ state, / contain / uncharged state / as / its nucleus.  That is why the helium atom / two electrons / two protons.  A certain amount of energy, which is strictly defined by nature, / orbiting shell / energy / orbit.  In its lowest / natural / in its ground state.  When a precise amount of energy is added to / said be excited / for __ period of milliseconds to microseconds / normal ground state

In 1911 / Danish / N__ B__ / provided / lose / emit / from a higher energy orbit to a lower energy orbit.  This theory / upon / by Albert Einstein / atom or molecule / emit / particular / energy source / atom / molecule.  This was the birth / stimulated emission.

According to / emit energy / orbiting / to a lower energy orbit.  Therefore, / to occur / atom / excited / orbiting / only be accomplished by causing / absorb energy from an external / are photons and electrons / the photon / electro-magnetic radiation / extremely high velocity particle__ / energy waves / high / energy waves / are called photons.  The shorter / more / contain / now / absorbs energy.

When / more energy than / normal / orbiting shell / jump to the next / level / said / be excited / electron / quickly / to its normal orbiting shell / does / release / in the form of photon / particle of light / typical / in which the transition / Under normal conditions, the majority of / remain / level / when the atoms becomes excited / source / move / level to the next higher energy level / When it occurs, / called / population inversion / spontaneous emission / higher / lower energy level / laser light begins.

To maintain the stimulated / photon / requires / excited  / as you can. / excited / same type of material / enough / together / emission / as the electrons / excited atoms / undergo / to the ground state.  When / an interesting phenomenon happens / when / strikes / already excited / of its own / two photons / whereas / two / then continue / strike more / each time / new / struck / new photon / generated / process / is referred to as ‘stimulated emission’. only / same wavelength / therefore / monochromatic / source, is a single frequency.

/ laser / be / coherent since / are in phase / of / stimulated emission.  Because / energy / single / much more powerful and intense beam of light energy / incoherent light source / these characteristics / to travel in parallel with one another / means / scatter / over long distances.  You have seen a very / into / particles.  However / foundation / energy is produced.

At this time we will pause for a short review / discussed.

An electron / at its lowest natural orbit / ground state.  By applying a precise amount of energy / orbiting / jump / next higher / shell / happens / in its excited state.  The / excited condition for a period of / When / normal orbit / emit / energy / called / photon / the photon / high / energy waves.  When a photon strikes / be generated.  A photon of a particular wavelength / same wavelength.

This concludes Review No.2. / stop / in your Student Workbook.

In this part of the video, we / systems / how / only / take place.  There must be a / pumping / and / optical cavity. / several / available / As long as / achieve / can maintain / population inversion / take place / suitable / medium.  Even / energy / emission / orbital / take place, many / more than one / simultaneously operate on / As you / case / CO2 / gas laser.  The energy / often referred to as / material / enable / sufficient energy / levels / inversion / optical pumping / optical / means / exciting the atoms / generally / electron pumping / current / gas laser / electron / passes through / gas molecules / in turn / necessary / to / obtain / output / the / part / system / cavity / mirrors / each / back / stimulated / photons / medium / each / number / increase / now / required / basic / examine / typical / laser / begin / ruby / rod / laser / composition / basic / crystal / and / only / purpose / photons / both / polished / parallel / also / both / crystal / one / end / rear / point / total / in other words / generated / within / the rod / the other end / front end / only partially / only / approximately / escape / surface / here you see / typical / notice / surrounded / basically / operation / very similar / today’s / cameras / when / energized / portion / this energy / atoms / as / absorbs / energy / next / this / excited / as / earlier / excited / microseconds / ground / when this happens / then / other / as / travel / collide / which / in turn / more / continues / escape / laser / crystal / fact / pumped / by means of / laser / light / continuous / difficult / need / well / majority / produced / heat /

The universal laser cutting machines of the ByStar L4025 family / through / exceptional / when processing large format metal sheets, even with cutting length__ of 6.5, 8, and __ 12 meters.  Bystronic users should not have to make sacrifices with respect to advantages such as short beam control__ __ dynamic drives, even with large machines.  For this reason, Bystronic employs the principle / This permits __ problem-free cutting of long metal sheets over the whole spectrum of thicknesses with the very highest of quality / even with the basic version, the mature machine concept of the ByStar L4025 machines offers individual users a high degree of autonomy.  Machines of the ByStar / series are equipped with innovative / ByVision high performance control that sets / completely new standards in terms of simplicity and user-friendliness, and guarantees the fastest possible transfer of data and the shortest processing times.

Thanks to the edge detection, the user does not have to accurately position the metal sheets.  With the aid of this function, the machine checks the position of the metal sheet before cutting__ __ started / and / such / that the sheet / optimally used.

With conventional repositioning, the whole cutting plan is subdivided into a maximum of three areas.  Using this technique, the first area is initially processed completely.  Subsequently, the cutting table moves forward automatically, and the next area is __ for processing.  With the new principle of alternated repositioning, the cutting plan is also subdivided into individual areas.  The areas are not processed in their entirety one after the other, but are cut alternately.

Alternated repositioning has several decisive advantages.  The transfer of heat is evenly distributed, which means that / which means / tension / material are generated only / in individual areas and  not / released / being processed.  This ensures the high precision of the piercing following each repositioning of the table.

Modern machine design, innovative control technologies, and high precision index __ g__ / cutting table / always / high level / repetition accuracy.  BySoft / software package / of the ByStar / machines.  BySoft / automatically / such as cutting technologies, the order of / final separation cut / security / and the productivity are improved / in order to ensure / even / thick / family of machines / initial / repositioning areas / cutting / easily be subdivided / machine / individual areas / hence / machines / family / be simultaneously loaded / various types of metal sheets / sheet / be / automatically processed / same / and nozzle__.  Also, with / separate / positions / automatically / increased / decisively.  Size, precision / and efficiency / machines / new / series stand out / in every respect / user / drastically / production possibilities / competitive / position /

Hi, I am your Nufern photon.  Most people are familiar with electrons and electronics.  Similarly, we, photons enable a whole field called photonics,  the science of light.  I’m gonna talk to you a little about light, optical fibers and the development of optical fiber lasers.

Photons can be portrayed as either particles or waves, mathematically.  But, for our purposes, we will use a hybrid.  Also, in my presentation, some technical terms will be in italics.  This way, you’ll know __ might __ external references.  For instance, wavelength, represented by the lower case Greek symbol, __.

In the optical spectrum, ‘wavelength’ refers to the color of light.  Blue is a shorter wave length, around 400 nanometers, and red is a longer wavelength, around 700 nanometers.  Light, of course, extends through a far greater spectrum than a human eye can see, from x-rays through to __ radiation.  Most optical systems operate from the UV through to the infrared.

Optical fibers became possible with __ practical understanding of S__ law; Light transitioning between transparent materials bends in proportion to the change in its velocity, like a rod in a b__ appears bent at the air-water interface.  The ratio of the velocity difference is the reflective index.  In optics, we have materials called d__ into __ glass to change the reflective index.  By putting two pieces of glass with different reflective indices __ __ each other, we can emulate the bent-rod effect.  Imagine that a glass rod with a high reflective index core surrounded by a low reflective index / surrounded by / continuously down its a__.  Well, that’s exactly what happens.  And we can also change the effect of __ __ which light is accepted by adjusting / of the two glasses.  This is called the numerical aperture.

High numerical aperture means __ broad__ angles of acceptance.  If the core size is large so that multiple / can enter by a variety of angles __ can propagate down the core, the core is considered to be multi-moded.  If the core size is small enough to only allow the passage of one wavelength at a specific injection angle, the core region is considered to be single-mode.  Depending on the size of the glass rod, the reflective index and the wavelength, the core / both single- or multi-moded.  We strive for single mode.

So, we generate certain wavelengths and use glass rod__ / with / micrometers, less than two human hairs / small enough to be greatly flexible and r__: fibers. / Fibers usually have one core and one __ing along a protective coating.  Most are made of __ glass because of its purity / standardized n__ to specify the relative size of the core to the __.  For example, __ represents a single-mode fiber with a core of 10 micrometers in diameter and a __ing of 125 / micrometers / core / micrometers / core / is represented by __.

Even though we know we can send light down a fiber, there are many variables that come into play: fiber type, core size, numerical aperture, reflective index and d__ing … all contribute to expand the range / possibility / propagation.  However, we strive for / single mode, remember? / down / fiber / is difficult and the light source is expensive.  How can we strike a balance between / power, efficiency and economy?

Through experimentation / changing the reflective index / periodically along / make / reflect light.  This creates / that takes advantage / type of mirror / by changing the intensity in period of __ __, / amount of / particular / can also be controlled.  This quickly led to the development of __ fiber laser / fiber laser works by reflecting / stream of photons stimulates atoms that store and release light energy __ use__ wavelength__ /

on the periodic chart, these / series / most common __ atom.  __ __,  a pioneer of optical fibers, __ to dope the core of / optical fiber with __ __ to control the reflective index and photon absorption / Practically speaking, the __ atoms / absorption curve that looks like this.  / broader s__ of light / can be / shorter __ n__ wavelength / and / more / slightly longer but narrower __ nanometer wavelength / the photon__ absorbed by the / disappears / and / electrons / to a higher orbital / absorbed energy.  This process is called / and stored by, the atoms in the fiber / within about a millisecond / otherwise / drop / to __ original, or ground, state / __ nanometers.  The energy / re-emission is known as / quantum efficiency / simply the ratio of the / over / wavelength.  It’s impossible to get a higher optical efficiency than this number.

/ can be made to raise / astounding optical efficiency. / pump / over and over again __ __ realistic over-simplification of the process.  To maximize the coordination of the pumping __ emission / fiber-optical cavity, sometimes called a r__, / constructed / end of the cavity / reflector / spliced / doped with __ __ atoms / at the output end, __ similar / around 10% __ installed / thus, a very simple / created / in fiber terminology, means that, once / in the fiber / it stays in the fiber, end to end / however / is important as it determines how much of the __ light / use the term  / absorption length / with the amount of doping.

Typically / about 95% of the pump energy.  This is to avoid / un-pumped / in the laser cavity. / inevitably / itself / fiber / optical laser diode can be installed / the pump end / power is limited to / output / single-mode / times the quantum efficiency of the laser / single / expensive and relatively low-power__ / to achieve / higher / even / get connected to / fiber / fiber / get much fatter.  In fact / both __ __ be / it was discovered that, once / continue / even / tail / essentially gone.  The light __ can __ be re-captured / path / This path / called / field.

By extending this / multiple / or split out of, __ __ field / leading / to / limit / must be conserved.  For example, a coupler / made / micrometer / numerical / with / numerical aperture / change / by adding / new / we can see / doubled / for __ effect / require / diode / ultra-high brightness / ultra-high price / not practical at all.

/ numerical aperture / larger diameter / using these economical / use / double-__ / The invention of / fiber / economy / great / astoundingly high / In principle, a double / we__ just described / is larger in diameter / second / with a very high / even / allow / six legs / each.  Pumps / This is encouraging.  Once / apply / power / much of / simply passes down / without / the core.  Without this intersection, / laser / work / solution / create / remember him? … found / shape / re-distribution / core.

Now we / situation / too much / up / few / behave / much like / highway / such / and / solution / highway / more lanes / core / reduces